Foresters Without Development
The Green Belt Movement started in my backyard. I was involved in a political campaign with a man I was married to; I was trying to see what I could do for the people who were helping us during our campaign, people who came from poor communities. I decided to create jobs for them: cleaning their constituency, planting trees and shrubs, cleaning the homes of the richer people in the communities, and getting paid for those services.
That never worked, because poor people wanted support right away, and I didn’t have money to pay them before the people we were working for had paid me. So I dropped the project but stayed with the idea. Then, in 1976, two years after the first backyard idea, I was invited to join the National Council of Women of Kenya. We were into the UN’s “women’s decade”, and I got exposed to many of the problems women were facing: problems of firewood, malnutrition, lack of food and adequate water, unemployment, and soil erosion.
Quite often what we see in the streets of our cities, in the rural areas, and in the slums, are manifestations of mistakes we make as we pretend we are “developing”, as we pursue what we are now calling maldevelopment. And so we decided to go to the women. Why? Well, I am a woman. I was in a women’s English: Grade 11 63 organization. Women are the ones most affected by these problems.
Women are concerned about children, and the future. So we went to the women and talked about planting trees and overcoming, for example, such problems as the lack of firewood and building and fencing materials, stopping soil erosion, and protecting water systems. The women agreed although they didn’t know how to do it.
The next few months we spent teaching them how to do it. We first called the foresters to come and show the women how you plant trees. The foresters proved to be very complicated because they have diplomas; they have complicated ways of dealing with a very simple things like looking for seeds and planting trees. So eventually we taught the women to just do it using common sense and they did. They were able to look for seeds in the neighbourhood, and learn to recognize seedlings as they germinate when seeds fall on the ground. Women do not have to wait for anybody to grow trees. They are really foresters without a diploma.
We started on World Environment Day, June 5, 1977; that’s when we planted the first seven trees. Now, only two are still standing. They are beautiful Nandi flame trees. The rest died. But by 1988, when we counted according to the records women sent back to us, we had 10 million trees surviving. Many had already matured to be used by the women. But the most important thing is that the women were now independent; had acquired knowledge, techniques; had become empowered. They have been teaching each other.
We started with one tree nursery in the backyard of the office of the National Council of Women. Today we have over 1,500 tree nurseries, 99 per cent run by women. The women get a very small payment for every seedling that survives. The few men who come are extremely poor, so poor that they don’t mind working with women. Women do a lot of work that requires caring. And I don’t believe that it is solely indoctrination. Women started the environmental movement, and now it has become a movement that even financial donors see they should put money in because the efforts are providing results. But the minute money is in, the men come in.
I would not be surprised that eventually, the more successful the Green Belt movement becomes, the more infiltrated it will be by men, who will be there more for the economic benefit than the commitment. Although men are not involved in the planting at the nursery, they are involved in the planting of trees on farms. These are small-scale farmers. In our part of Africa, men 64 own lands; in some communities, they own separate titles to the land; in others, there is still communal ownership, which is the tradition in Africa. We are most successful in communities where women are involved in land farming. In Kenya, as in so much of the African continent, 80 per cent of the farmers and the fuel gatherers are women. Women also keep animals.
A large population of Kenyans are nomadic communities: the Maasai, the Samburu, the Somalis, most of the northern communities. We have been unsuccessful there. Yet this is where trees are much needed. Areas that are green now will soon be a desert if not cared for. We have been approached by other countries, and in 1987 - 88 we launched what we hoped would become an effort to initiate Green Belt like activities in other African countries. Unfortunately, we have not been able to follow up.
We started having our own problems in Kenya because of our having criticized the government for wanting to put up a big building in a Nairobi public park. But we are encouraging an establishment of a Green Belt Centre in Nairobi, where people can come and experience development that is community-oriented, with community decision-making, and with development appropriate to the region. Funding is always a problem. We never received any financial support from the Kenyan government. They gave us an office which they took away as soon as we criticized them. (In a way, it is good they didn’t give us money because they would have withdrawn that.)
We receive much of our support from abroad, mostly from women all over the world, who send us small cheques. And the United Nations Development Fund for Women gave us a big boost, $100,000 in 1981. We also received support from the Danish Voluntary Fund and the Norwegian Agency for International Development. In the US we are supported by the African Development Foundation, which helped us make a film about the Green Belt Movement in 1985.
Information on the film can be obtained from the Public Affairs Officer of the African Development Foundation, 1400 I Street, N.W., Washington D.C. 20005. In the field, we now have about 750 people who teach new groups and help with the compilation of the reports, which we monitor to have an idea of what is happening in the field. At the headquarters, we now have about 40 people. When we were kicked out of our office, the headquarters moved back to my house; a full-circle return to where we started. But it’s 10 million trees later – not quite where we started.
For myself, now that my two boys and a girl are big - the last boy is still in high school when we have 65 trained enough women in leadership and fundraising, I would love to go back into an academic institution. I do miss it. My field is biology. But I was into microanatomy and developmental anatomy. I would love to be able to read more about community development and motivation and write about the experience that I have had in the field. And perhaps train people on grass-roots projects. But that will have to wait. I earn maybe a tenth of what I could earn on the international market if I sold my expertise and energy, and I’m sure many people would probably consider me a fool.
At home the men don’t believe that I don’t make a fortune out of the Green Belt Movement. But all over the world we women do this sort of thing. My greatest satisfaction is to look back and see how far we have come. Something so simple but meaning so much, something nobody can take away from the people, something that is changing the face of the landscape. But my greatest disappointment has been since I returned to Kenya in 1966 after my education in the United States. When I was growing up and going through school, I believe that the sky is the limit. I realized when I went home that the sky is not the limit, and that human beings can make the limit for you, and stop you from pursuing your full potential.
I have had to fight to make a contribution. We lose so much from people because we don’t allow them to think freely and do what they can. So they lose their interest; their energy; the opportunity to be creative and positive. And developing countries need all the energy they can get. I tell people that if they know how to read and write it is an advantage. But that all we really need is a desire to work and common sense. These are usually the last two things people are asked for. They are usually asked to use imposed knowledge they do not relate to, so they become followers rather than leaders. For example, because I criticized the political leadership,
I have been portrayed as subversive, so it’s very difficult for me to not feel constrained. I have the energy; I want to do exactly what they spend hours in the UN talking about. But when you really want to do it you are not allowed, because the political system is not tolerant or encouraging enough. But we must never lose hope. When any of us feels she has an idea or an opportunity, she should go ahead and do it. I never knew when I was working in my backyard that I was playing around with would one day become a whole movement. One person can make a difference.
Exercise
Ways With Words
A. Match the words with their meanings.
a. constituency - iv. electoral district
b. pursue- iii. to follow in an effort to overtake or capture
c. infiltrate - to enter or gain access to (an organization, place, etc.) secretly and gradually
d. nomadic - ii. living the life of roaming
e. anatomy- vi. art of studying the different parts of any organized body
f. subversive - i. seeking or intending to overthrow an established system or institution
B. Study the following words. (Look at page 66)
C. Make two other words by using each prefix given above and use them in sentences.
Malnutrition- Children in slum areas are suffered from the problem of malnutrition.
Nonprofit- CON is a nonprofit organization.
Comprehension
Answer these questions.
a. What did Maathai decide to do for the community?
Answer: Maathai decided to create jobs for the community: cleaning their constituency, planting trees and shrubs, cleaning the home of richer people in the communities and getting paid for those services.
b. Mention the problems faced by women in Kenya.
Answer: The problems faced by women in Kenya were problems of firewood, malnutrition, lack of food and adequate water, unemployment and soil erosion.
c. Why did the speaker go to the women to talk about planting trees?
Answer: The speaker went to the women to talk about planting trees because the women were most affected by the problems of firewood, malnutrition, lack of food and adequate water, unemployment and soil erosion, and were concerned about children and their future.
d. What is the most important achievement of the movement described in the text?
Answer: The women were independent, had acquired knowledge and techniques and had become empowered. They have been teaching each other. They were also able to recognize seedlings and germinate and plant them.
d. Why were the foresters’ ways not helpful to the women for planting trees?
Answer: The foresters’ ways were not helpful to the women in planting trees because they have complicated ways of dealing with very simple things like looking for seeds and planting trees.
e. When and how did she start The Green Belt Movement?
Answer: On June 5, 1977, which was the day World Environment Day of she started The Green Belt Movement by planting the first seven trees.
f. Why do the donors want to provide money to the women?
Answer: The donors want to provide money to the women because the efforts of women are providing results.
g. What happened when the speaker criticized the political leadership?
Answer: The speaker has been portrayed as subversive when the speaker criticized the political leadership.
h. Mention the agencies that supported her movement.
Answer:
The agencies that supported her movement are:
the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the Danish Voluntary Fund, the Norwegian Agency for International Development and the African Development Foundation.
Grammar
Transitive, Intransitive and Linking Verbs
A. Study the examples.
- A couple bought a couple of tickets for their honeymoon.
The car stopped suddenly.
- All the children seem satisfied with their exam results.
Here bought is a transitive verb, stopped is an intransitive verb and seem a linking verb.
B. What is the difference between transitive, intransitive and linking verbs? Give examples of each.
Answer: The verbs which take objects are transitive verbs.
E.g., He reads a book.
The verbs which don’t take objects are intransitive verbs.
E.g., Anupam sleeps in his bedroom.
The verbs which link subject and complement are linking verbs. All forms of be verbs are linking verbs. For example, are, am, is, were, was etc. Besides, verbs that have to do with the five senses are linking verbs: feel, look, smell, sound and taste.
E.g., I am a teacher.
C. Underline the verb in each sentence and write whether it is transitive, intransitive or linking.
a. His father looks handsome.
Ans: His father looks handsome. (linking verb)
b. Bhawana drinks milk every day.
Ans: Bhawana drinks milk every day. (transitive verb)
c. He became a watchman.
Ans: He became a watchman. (linking verb)
d. This bread smells good.
Ans: This bread smells good. (linking verb)
e. The dog barked loudly.
Ans: The dog barked loudly. (intransitive verb)
f. He chased the dog.
Ans: He chased the dog. (transitive verb)
g. My sister swims fast.
Ans: My sister swims fast. (intransitive verb)
h. He painted a picture.
Ans: He painted a picture. (transitive verb)
i. Radhika always asks questions.
Ans: Radhika always asks questions. (transitive verb)
j. Anjana has a long hair.
Ans: Anjana has a long hair. (linking verb)